Acids and Bases

  • Terms, Definitions, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
  • Which Form Predominates? Protonated or Deprotonated?
  • Common Acid/Base Functional Groups
  • The H2CO3/HCO3- Buffer System & Hyperventilation / Hypoventilation

Amino Acids

  • Intro to Structure, Function, Importance
  • Nonpolar / Hydrophobic Amino Acids
  • Polar / Hydrophilic Amino Acids
  • A Brief Explanation of Isoelectric pH (pI)
  • Peptides, Polypeptides, Peptide Bonds
  • Important Amino Acid Modifications in Proteins [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]

Proteins / Protein Structure

  • Intro and Importance
  • Levels of Protein Structure
  • Primary (1°) Structure
  • Secondary (2°) Structure
  • Supersecondary Structures and Motifs
  • Tertiary (3°) Structure
  • Quaternary (4°) Structure
  • Denaturation
  • Clinical Correlate: Prions [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]

Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, and Hemoglobinopathies

  • Myoglobin (Mb) and Hemoglobin (Hb) - Compare and Contrast
  • Allosteric Regulation of Hemoglobin, Factors Affecting O2 Binding Hb, The Bohr Effect
  • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  • How High Altitude Affects Hemoglobin and its Binding Curve
  • Other / Minor Hemoglobins (HbA2, HbA1C, HbF)
  • Hemoglobinopathies - Introduction
  • Sickle Cell Disease (HbS) -- [Qualitative Hemoglobinopathy]
  • Hemoglobin C Disease (HbC) -- [Qualitative Hemoglobinopathy]
  • Hemoglobin SC Disease (HbSC) -- [Qualitative Hemoglobinopathy]
  • Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) -- [Qualitative Hemoglobinopathy] [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • α-Thalassemia -- [Quantitative Hemoglobinopathy]
  • β-Thalassemia -- [Quantitative Hemoglobinopathy]

Collagen and Collagen Diseases/Disorders

Enzymes

  • The Basics
  • Six Types / Classes of Enzymes [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Prosthetic Groups
  • Enzyme Kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten Model
  • The Lineweaver-Burk Plot / Double Reciprocal Plot
  • Competitive Inhibitors
  • Some Drugs that are Competitive Inhibitors
  • Noncompetitive Inhibitors
  • Some Drugs that are Noncompetitive Inhibitors
  • Irreversible Inhibitors and Drug Examples
  • Isozymes and their Use in Clinical Diagnosis

Enzyme Regulation

  • Characteristics of Regulated Enzymes - How to Know if an Enzyme is Regulated
  • Location / Compartmentation / Compartmentalization
  • Regulation of Gene Expression
  • Allosteric Regulation
  • Covalent Modification - Reversible
  • Covalent Modification - Irreversible

Carbohydrates

  • Introduction / Basics
  • Monosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides (Printable PDF)
  • Disaccharides
  • Disaccharides (Printable PDF)
  • Polysaccharides
  • Polysaccharides (Printable PDF)
  • Digestion and Absorption
  • Carbohydrate Derivatives [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]

Biochemist's Toolbox - WATCH THIS BEFORE WATCHING VIDEOS ON METABOLISM

  • Biochemist's Toolbox: Redox, Metabolism, and Reaction Coupling

Glycolysis

  • Intro / Overview
  • The 10 Steps
  • Interface with Other Pathways and Molecules
  • Hexokinase vs Glucokinase [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Regulation
  • Catabolic Fates of Pyruvate: Fermentation - Lactate and Alcohol
  • Clinical Correlate: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD)
  • Clinical Correlate: Arsenic Poisoning

Gluconeogenesis (GNG)

Glycogen

  • Structure and Function
  • Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Glycogen Breakdown (Glycogenolysis)
  • Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
  • Signal Transduction for Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism [Overview]
  • Overview of Glycogen Metabolism / Interface with Other Pathways and Molecules

Glycogen Storage Diseases (GSDs)

Galactose and Fructose

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

  • Intro / Overview
  • Reactions of the Pathway (Oxidative Phase and Non-Oxidative Phase) [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Regulation [Overview]
  • NADPH and Glutathione as Anti-Oxidants
  • G6PDH Deficiency and Hemolytic Anemia

Proteoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and Glycoproteins

  • Intro [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Structure and Function - Intro [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Structure and Function: 6 Classes of GAGs
  • Proteoglycans: Structure and Function
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Degradation and Mucopolysaccharidoses - Intro
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Degradation of Heparan Sulfate
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Degradation of Dermatan Sulfate
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Degradation of Keratan Sulfate
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses: Hurler Syndrome [Lysosomal Storage Disease]
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses: Hunter Syndrome [Lysosomal Storage Disease]
  • Glycoproteins: Structure and Function
  • Glycoproteins: Synthesis - Overview
  • Glycoproteins: Synthesis - Targeting Enzymes for Lysosomes
  • Glycoproteins: Inclusion Cell (I Cell) Disease [Lysosomal Storage Disease]

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Complex and TCA / Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

  • Intro and PDH Complex
  • PDH Complex: Details [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]
  • PDH Complex: Regulation
  • PDH Complex Clinical Correlate: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency (PDCD)
  • PDH Complex Clinical Correlate: Arsenic Poisoning
  • TCA / Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle: Reactions of the Pathway - 8 Steps
  • TCA / Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle: Regulation
  • TCA / Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle: Interface with Other Pathways and Molecules

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (OxPhos)

  • Intro / Overview
  • Reduction Potentials
  • The Complexes of the ETC - [Overview]
  • The Complexes of the ETC - [Details]
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chemiosmosis, ATP Synthase
  • ETC Inhibitors and Uncouplers
  • How Much ATP do we NET per Glucose? [Energy Calculation]
  • NADH Shuttle Mechanisms (Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol-Phosphate) - [Overview]
  • Malate-Aspartate Shuttle - [Details]
  • Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle - [Details]
  • Hereditary Mitochondrial Diseases [ free YouTube snippet | full free sample video ]